Method and system for electrically coupling a chip to chip package

ABSTRACT

A chip and a chip package can transmit information to each other by using a set of converters capable of communicating with each other through the emission and reception of electromagnetic signals. Both the chip and the chip package have at least one such converter physically disposed on them. Each converter is able to (1) convert received electromagnetic signals into electronic signals, which it then may relay to leads on the device on which it is disposed; and (2) receive electronic signals from leads on the device on which it is disposed and convert them into corresponding electromagnetic signals, which it may transmit to a corresponding converter on the other device. Not having a direct physical connection between the chip and the chip package decreases the inductive and capacitive effects commonly experienced with physical bonds.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention is related generally to semiconductor integrated circuits, and more specifically to a method and system for electrically coupling a semiconductor chip to a chip package.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] During the manufacture of integrated circuit devices, such as memories and microprocessors, a semiconductor die or chip must be physically and electrically attached to a chip package. A chip is a small piece of semiconductor material, such as silicon, in which an integrated circuit is formed, and a chip package as used herein is a protective container, such as a plastic dual-in-line package (DIP), or printed circuit board to which the chip is coupled, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

[0003] To electrically couple a chip to a chip package, electrical connections are formed between regions on the chip known as bonding pads, and leads or corresponding bonding pads on the chip package. This process can entail the creation of hundreds of electrical connections between the chip and chip package. Three techniques are generally relied on to accomplish this task: (1) wire bonding; (2) flip chip/bump bonding; and (3) tape automated bonding.

[0004]FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a chip 2 that is wire-bonded to a chip package 4. Generally, in a wire bonding process a thin wire 6 (commonly between 0.7 to 1.0 mil) is used to connect a chip bonding pad 8 to an inner lead 10 on the chip package 4. Each inner lead 10 is coupled to an outer lead (not shown) which, in turn, provides electrical connections to external circuits (not shown). Each wire 6 must be placed individually, which is time consuming, and each wire results in increased electrical resistance in the connection. In addition, the use of wires mandates the observance of minimum spacing requirements to avoid short circuiting wires and performance problems resulting from wires being too close to one another.

[0005]FIG. 2 shows a chip package 4 that is electrically coupled with a chip 2 through flip chip/bump bonding. With flip chip/bump bonding, metal bumps 12 placed on each bonding pad 8 on the chip 2 are soldered to the inner leads 14 of the chip package 4. This is usually done by placing the chip 2 in position on the chip package 4 and melting the metal bumps 12 to solder the bonding pads 8 to the inner leads 14. In this way, all of the bonds necessary to electrically connect a chip 2 to a chip package 4 can be done essentially simultaneously, which reduces the time required to interconnect the chip 2 and chip package 4 when compared to wire bonding. Flip-chip bonding, however, requires precise alignment of the chip 2 and the chip package 4 to ensure proper interconnection. Moreover, great care must also be exerted to prevent soldered metal from causing short circuits by propagating from one bonding pad 8 to adjacent bonding pads. Additionally, given the orientation of the chip 2 and the chip package 4, after bonding an efficient visual inspection of the bonds is not possible, and the nature of the bonding procedure mandates that the chip 2 be heated and exposed to pressure.

[0006] Tape automated bonding (TAB) is accomplished through the use of a flexible strip of tape on which a metal lead system has been deposited. Initially a conductive layer is deposited on the tape, usually by methods including sputtering and evaporation. This conductive layer is then formed by mechanical stamping or patterning techniques, such as fabrication patterning, resulting in a continuous tape with multiple individual lead systems. In order to bond the tape to the chip, the chip is then placed on a holder and the tape is positioned over the chip with the inner leads of a lead system on the tape being situated exactly over corresponding bonding pads located on the chip. The inner leads and the bonding pads are then pressed together, creating physical and electrical bonds between the inner leads and the bonding pads. TAB requires very precise positioning of the tape and the chip. Even slight misalignment can result in multiple short circuits and missed connections between inner leads and chip pads, thus compromising the electrical connection of the chip to the chip package.

[0007] In view of the above-mentioned processes, it is desirable to develop a new process for electrically interconnecting a chip and chip package.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] According to one aspect of the present invention, a chip and a chip package can transmit information to each other by using a set of converters capable of communicating with each other through the emission and reception of electromagnetic signals. Both the chip and the chip package have at least one such converter physically disposed on them. Each converter is able to (1) convert received electromagnetic signals into electronic signals, which it then may relay to leads on the device on which it is disposed; and (2) receive electronic signals from leads on the device on which it is disposed and convert them into corresponding electromagnetic signals, which it may transmit to a corresponding converter on the other device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a chip wire-bonded to a chip package.

[0010]FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a chip bonded by flip chip/bump technology to a chip package.

[0011]FIG. 3 is a functional and cross-sectional view of a chip that is coupled to a chip package through electromagnetic signals.

[0012]FIG. 4 is a functional and cross-sectional view of a chip and chip package placed into communication according to another embodiment of the invention.

[0013]FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a memory device including a semiconductor memory chip coupled to a chip package through electromagnetic signals.

[0014]FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a computer system including the memory devices of FIG. 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015]FIG. 3 is a functional and cross-sectional view of a microelectronics package 30 including a chip 32 that is coupled to a chip package 34 through electromagnetic signals 42, as will now be explained in more detail. By coupling the chip 32 to the chip package 34 through electromagnetic signals 42, a direct physical connection between the two is eliminated, which can simplify the fabrication of the package 30 and reduce the adverse inductive and capacitive effects associated with conventional bonding techniques. The chip 32 includes electronic circuitry 36 coupled to bonding pads 38 which, in turn, are coupled to first converters 40. It is also possible for the circuitry 36 to be directly coupled to the converters 40 without the use of intervening bonding pads 38. The circuitry 36 in the chip 32 may be a memory device, a processor, or any other type of integrated circuitry.

[0016] Each first converter 40 receives a corresponding electric signal 41 from the circuitry 36 via the bonding pad 38, and converts the electric signal into an electromagnetic signal 42. The converter 40 then transmits the electromagnetic signal 42 to a corresponding second converter 44 located on the chip package 34. The second converter 44 receives the electromagnetic signal 42 and converts it to a corresponding electric signal 45 that is applied to an inner lead 46. The first and second converters 40 and 44 may also communicate in the opposite direction, with the second converter 44 converting the electric signal 45 received from the inner lead 46 to the electromagnetic signal 42 which the second converter 40 receives and converts into the electric signal 41 that is applied to the circuitry 36. The first and second converters 40 and 44 may transmit and receive the electromagnetic signals 42 having a wide range of frequencies, including visible light and infrared frequencies. Furthermore, even though FIG. 3 only illustrates a pair of first converters 40 and a pair of second converters 44, more or fewer converters may be employed as desired.

[0017] The microelectronics package 30 includes an intermediate layer 48 disposed between the chip 32 and the chip package 34. The intermediate layer 48 has suitable physical characteristics to allow the electromagnetic signals 42 to propagate through the intermediate layer, and may be air, an adhesive layer physically coupling the chip 32 to the chip package 34, or other suitable materials, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. The intermediate layer 48 may include regions 49 disposed between the converters 40 and 44, that are formed from different materials than the other portions of the intermediate layer 48. In another embodiment, the intermediate layer 48 is omitted and the chip 32 is physically positioned on the chip package 34 with the converters 40, 44 adjacent one another. An encapsulation layer 51 is typically formed over the chip 32 once the chip is attached to the chip package 34, sealing the chip and chip package to prevent moisture and other contaminants from affecting the operation of the package 30.

[0018]FIG. 4 is a functional and cross-sectional view of a microelectronics package 400 including a silicon chip 402 and a chip package 404 that are electrically coupled through infrared signals 406 according to another embodiment of the invention. Though not shown in FIG. 4, the silicon chip 402 includes circuitry and bonding pads and the chip carrier 404 includes inner leads as previously described for the corresponding components in FIG. 3. A first converter 407 is disposed on a first side 408 of the chip 402, opposite a second side 410 of the adjacent side 412 of the chip package 404. The first converter 407 operates as previously described for the converters 40 of FIG. 3 to convert the infrared signals 406 to electrical signals and visa versa. The second side 410 of the silicon chip 402 may physically contact the side 412 of the chip package 404 or an intermediate layer (not shown) may be disposed between the two.

[0019] With the first converter 407 disposed on the first side 408 of the chip 402, the infrared signals 406 propagate though the silicon chip 402 to a second converter 414 disposed on the side 412 of the package 404. Because the chip 402 is silicon, which is substantially transparent to infrared signals, the infrared signals 406 propagate through the chip with a relatively low signal loss. If an intermediate layer is disposed between the silicon chip 402 and the chip package 404, this layer must, of course, have suitable physical characteristics to allow the propagation of infrared signals. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the chip 402 may be formed from materials other than silicon and the frequency of the signals 406 varied accordingly to allow the signals to propagate through the chip, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

[0020]FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a memory device 99 including a semiconductor memory circuit 101 formed on a chip 100 and coupled to a chip package 102 through electromagnetic signals 104, 105, and 107 that include address, control, and data signals, respectively, for transferring data to and from the memory circuitry, as will now be explained in more detail. The memory circuitry 101 includes an address decoder 106, a control circuit 108, and read/write circuitry 110, all of which are conventional and known in the art. The address decoder 106, control circuit 108, and read/write circuitry 110 are all coupled to a memory cell array 112 and are also coupled to an address bus 114, a control bus 116, and a data bus 118, respectively. The memory device 99 may be a synchronous or asynchronous dynamic random access memory or static random access memory, as well as a packetized memory, such as an SLDRAM or RAMBUS device. Moreover, the device 99 need not be a memory device, but may be another type of integrated circuit.

[0021] An address converter 120 receives electromagnetic address signals 104 and converts these signals into corresponding electric address signals that are applied to the address decoder 106 over the address bus 114. A control converter 122 receives electromagnetic control signals 105 and converts these signals into corresponding electric control signals that are applied to the control circuit 108 over the control bus 116. A read/write converter 124 operates during write operations of the memory device 99 to receive electromagnetic data signals 107 and convert these signals into corresponding electric data signals that are then applied to the read/write circuitry 110 over the data bus 118. The read/write converter 124 also operates during read data transfers of the memory device 99 to receive electric data signals on the data bus 118 and convert these signals into corresponding electromagnetic data signals 107. A package address decoder 126 is mounted on the chip package 102 adjacent the address decoder 106, and receives electric address signals 133 and converts these signals into the electromagnetic address signals 104, and a package control converter 128 mounted on the chip package adjacent the control converter 122 operates in the same way to generate the electromagnetic control signals 105 in response to electric control signals 132 applied to the chip package. A package read/write converter 130 is mounted on the chip package 102 adjacent the converter 124 and operates during write operations to receive electric data signals 131 and generate the corresponding electromagnetic data signals 107. During read operations, the package read/write converter 130 receives the electromagnetic data signals 107 and generates the corresponding electric data signals 131.

[0022] The converters 120-124 on the chip 100 and converters 126-130 on the chip package 102 may communicate via any of a variety of suitable communication protocols, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Moreover, each converter 120-124 and converter 126-130 may correspond to a number of converters with one converter handling conversion of a single address, control, or data signal. For example, where the data bus 118 is N bits wide, the converter 124 corresponds to N converters and the converter 130 similarly corresponds to N converters. Alternatively, a single converter 120-124 and 126-130 could multiplex and demultiplex a number of data, address, or control signals, as will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

[0023] In operation, external circuitry (not shown) provides address, control and data signals to the respective leads 131,132,133 on the chip package 102. These are transmitted to the respective chip package converters where the electric signals are converted into electromagnetic signals 107,105,104 and transmitted to the respective converters on the chip 100. The converters on the chip may then convert the electromagnetic signals 107,105,104 to electric signals and transmit them over the address bus 114, the control bus 116 and the data bus 118 to the address decoder 106, the control circuit 108 and the read/write circuitry 110 respectively.

[0024] In operation during a read cycle of the memory device 99, external circuitry (not shown) provides a read command to the converter 128 in the form of the signals 132, and the converters 128 and 122 operate in combination to apply the read command to the control circuit 108. In response to the read command, the circuit 108 generates a plurality of control signals to control operation of the decoder 106, circuitry 110, and array 112 during the read cycle. The external circuit also provides a memory address to the converter 126 as the signals 133, and the converters 126 and 120 operate in combination to apply the address bus 118 to the address decoder 106. In response to the memory address, the address decoder 106 provides a decoded memory address to the memory-cell array 112 which, in turn, accesses the memory cells corresponding to the address and provides the data in the accessed cells to the read/write circuitry 110. The read/write circuitry 110 then provides this data on the data bus 118 and the converters 124 and 130 operate in combination to output the data as the signals 131 from the chip package 102.

[0025] During a write cycle of the memory device 99, external circuitry (not shown) provides a write command to the converter 128 in the form of the signals 132, and the converters 128 and 122 operate in combination to apply the write command to the control circuit 108. In response to the write command, the circuit 108 generates a plurality of control signals to control operation of the decoder 106, circuitry 110, and array 112 during the write cycle. The external circuit also provides data to the converter 130 as the signals 131, and the converters 130 and 124 operate in combination to apply the data to the data bus 118. The read/write circuitry 110 provides the data to the memory-cell array 112 which, in turn, places the data in addressed memory cells.

[0026]FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a computer system 139 which includes the memory device 99 of FIG. 5. The computer system 139 includes a processor 140 for performing various computing functions, such as executing specific software to perform specific calculations or tasks. In addition, the computer system 139 includes one or more input devices 142, such as a keyboard or mouse, coupled with the processor 140 to allow an operator to interface with the computer system 139. Typically, the computer system 139 also includes one or more output devices 144 coupled to the processor 140, such output devices typically being a printer or video terminal. One or more data storage devices 146 are also typically coupled to the computer processor 140 to store data or retrieve data from external storage media (not shown). Examples of typical storage devices 146 include hard and floppy disks, tape cassettes, and compact disk read only memories (CD-ROMs). The processor 140 is typically coupled to the memory device 99 through a control bus, a data bus, and an address bus to provide for writing to and reading from the memory device.

[0027] It is to be understood that even though various embodiments and advantages of the present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description, the above disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, and yet remain within the broad principles of the invention. Therefore, the present invention is to be limited only by the appended claims. 

1. A microelectronics package, comprising: a chip having an electronic circuit and a first converter coupled to the circuit to receive an electronic signal from the circuit, the first converter operable to convert the electric signal into a corresponding electromagnetic signal; and a chip package including a second converter positioned on the chip package to receive the electromagnetic signal from the first converter and operable to convert the received electromagnetic signal into a corresponding electric signal.
 2. The microelectronics package of claim 1 wherein: the second converter is disposed on the first side of the chip package; the first converter is disposed on the second side of the chip; and further comprising an intermediate layer disposed between the first side of the chip package and the second side of the chip.
 3. The microelectronics package of claim 1 wherein: the intermediate layer comprises an adhesive layer having an index of refraction allowing a signal emitted from the first converter and the second converter to be transferred therethrough.
 4. The microelectronics package of claim 2 wherein the electromagnetic signals comprise laser emissions.
 5. The microelectronics package of claim 2 wherein the electromagnetic signals comprise optical signals.
 6. The microelectronics package of claim 2 further comprising an encapsulation layer enveloping the first surface of the chip package and the chip.
 7. The microelectronics package of claim 1 wherein the second side of the chip is disposed on the first side of the chip package; the first converter being disposed on the first side of the chip; and the second converter being disposed on the first side of the chip package.
 8. The microelectronics package of claim 6 wherein the electromagnetic signals comprise infrared signals; and the chip comprises silicon.
 9. The microelectronics package of claim 7 further comprising an encapsulation layer enveloping the first surface of the chip package and the entire chip.
 10. A chip, comprising: a circuit formed on the chip; and a converter formed on the chip and coupled to the circuit to receive electric signals from the circuit, the converter being adapted to convert the electric signals from the circuit into corresponding electromagnetic signals, the converter also being adapted to receive electromagnetic signals and convert the electromagnetic signals into corresponding electric signals that are applied to the circuit.
 11. The chip of claim 10 wherein: the converter is disposed on the second side of the chip body, the converter being oriented to transmit electromagnetic signals away from the chip body.
 12. The chip of claim 11 wherein the electromagnetic signal comprises laser emissions.
 13. The microelectronics package of claim 11 wherein the electromagnetic signal emitted by the converter comprises an optical signal.
 14. The chip of claim 11 further comprising an encapsulation layer enveloping the chip.
 15. The chip of claim 10 wherein the converter is disposed on the first side of the chip body, the converter being adapted to transmit the electromagnetic signal through the chip body toward the second side of the chip body.
 16. The chip of claim 15 wherein: the electromagnetic signal comprises an infrared signal; and the chip comprises silicon
 17. The microelectronics package of claim 15 further comprising an encapsulation layer enveloping the chip.
 18. The chip of claim 10, wherein the chip includes a memory circuit formed in the chip, the memory circuit being adapted to receive electronic address, data and control signals and transfer data to and from storage elements in response to the electronic signals.
 19. A method of transferring data between a chip and a chip package, the chip including memory circuitry having control, address, and data signals, the chip further having bond pads coupled to the memory circuitry to transfer control, address, and data signals to and from the circuitry, the chip package including a plurality of conductive components, the method comprising: receiving an electronic signal from a bonding pad; converting the electronic signal to an electromagnetic signal; transmitting the electromagnetic signal; receiving the electromagnetic signal; converting the received electromagnetic signal to an electronic signal; and applying the electronic signal to a conductive component of the chip package.
 20. The method according to claim 19 wherein the operation of transmitting the electromagnetic signal comprises transmitting the electromagnetic signal through an intermediate layer away from chip without the transmission propagating first through the chip.
 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the operation of transmitting the electromagnetic signal through an intermediate layer comprises transmitting the electromagnetic signal through an adhesive layer having an index of refraction allowing the electromagnetic signal to pass therethrough.
 22. The method according to claim 20 wherein the operation of transmitting an electromagnetic signal comprises emitting a laser signal.
 23. The method according to claim 20 wherein the operation of transmitting an electromagnetic signal comprises emitting an optical signal.
 24. The method according to claim 20 further comprising encapsulating the first surface of the chip package, the chip, and the intermediate layer with an encapsulating layer.
 25. The method according to claim 19 wherein the operation of transmitting the electromagnetic signal comprises transmitting the electromagnetic signal through the chip itself.
 26. The method according to claim 25 further comprising coupling the chip to the chip package, wherein the chip comprises a silicon chip; and further wherein the operation of transmitting an electromagnetic signal comprises emitting an infrared signal.
 27. The method of claim 25 further comprising encapsulating at least a portion of the chip package and the entire chip with an encapsulating layer.
 28. A method of transferring data between a chip and a chip package, the chip including memory circuitry having control, address, and data signals, the chip further having bond pads coupled to the memory circuitry to transfer control, address, and data signals to and from the circuitry, the chip package including a plurality of conductive components, the method comprising: receiving an electronic signal from a conductive component; converting the electronic signal to an electromagnetic signal; transmitting the electromagnetic signal; receiving the electromagnetic signal; converting the received electromagnetic signal to an electronic signal; and applying the electronic signal to a bonding pad of the chip.
 29. The method according to claim 28 wherein the operation of transmitting the electromagnetic signal comprises transmitting the electromagnetic signal through an intermediate layer away from chip without the transmission propagating first through the chip.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the operation of transmitting the electromagnetic signal through an intermediate layer comprises transmitting the electromagnetic signal through an adhesive layer having an index of refraction allowing the electromagnetic signal to pass therethrough.
 31. The method according to claim 29 wherein the operation of transmitting an electromagnetic signal comprises emitting a laser signal.
 32. The method according to claim 29 wherein the operation of transmitting an electromagnetic signal comprises emitting an optical signal.
 33. The method according to claim 29 further comprising encapsulating the first surface of the chip package, the chip, and the intermediate layer with an encapsulating layer.
 34. The method according to claim 28 wherein the operation of transmitting the electromagnetic signal comprises transmitting the electromagnetic signal through the chip itself.
 35. The method according to claim 34 further comprising coupling the chip to the chip package, wherein the chip comprises a silicon chip; and further wherein the operation of transmitting an electromagnetic signal comprises emitting an infrared signal.
 36. The method of claim 34 further comprising encapsulating at least a portion of the chip package and the entire chip with an encapsulating layer.
 37. A microelectronics package, comprising: a chip including an electronic circuit that provides and receives electronic signals, the chip including a first converter coupled to the electronic circuit and operable to receive an electric signal from the electronic circuit and convert the electric signal into a corresponding output electromagnetic wave, and/or operable to receive an input electromagnetic wave and convert the input electromagnetic wave into a corresponding electric signal that is applied to the electric circuit; and a chip package physically coupled to the chip, the chip package including a second converter that is operable to receive the output electromagnetic wave from the first converter and convert the received output electromagnetic wave into a corresponding output electric signal, and/or operable to receive an input electric signal applied to the chip package and to convert the input electric signal into the input electromagnetic wave and communicate the input electromagnetic wave to the first converter.
 38. The microelectronics package of claim 37 wherein the electronic circuit comprises a memory circuit that generates data signals in response to control and address signals, and the second converter on the chip package receives electric address and control signals and converts those signals into corresponding control and address electromagnetic waves that are communicated to the first converter which, in turn, converts the control and address electromagnetic waves into corresponding electric control and address signals that are applied to the memory circuit.
 39. The microelectronics package of claim 37 wherein the electronic circuit comprises a memory circuit that provides data signals in response to control and address signals, and the second converter on the chip package receives electric data signals and converts those signals into corresponding data electromagnetic waves that are communicated to the first converter which, in turn, converts the data electromagnetic waves into corresponding electric data signals that are applied to the memory circuit, and the first converter receives electric data signals from the memory circuit and converts those signals into corresponding data electromagnetic waves that are communicated to the first converter which, in turn, converts the data electromagnetic waves into corresponding electric data signals that are applied to the memory circuit.
 40. The microelectronics package of claim 37 wherein the first and second converters comprise optical converters and the input and output electromagnetic waves comprise optical waves.
 41. The microelectronics package of claim 37 wherein the first and second converters comprise infrared converters and the input and output electromagnetic waves comprise infrared waves.
 42. The microelectronics package of claim 37 wherein the first and second converters comprise a plurality of first and second converter pairs, each pair operating in combination to communicate a single electric signal between the chip package and the electronic circuit.
 43. The microelectronics package of claim 37 wherein the chip includes a first side and the first converter is formed on the first side, and the chip package includes a first side on which the second converter is positioned, the chip being physically coupled to the chip package with the first side of the chip positioned adjacent the first side of the chip package.
 44. The microelectronics package of claim 37 wherein the chip includes a first side and a second side opposing the first side, the first converter being formed on the first side, and the chip package including a first side on which the second converter is positioned, the chip being physically coupled to the chip package with the second side of the chip positioned adjacent the first side of the chip package.
 45. A memory device, comprising: a chip including memory circuitry, the memory circuitry including, an address decoder coupled to an address bus; a read/write circuit coupled to a data bus; a control circuit coupled to a control bus; a memory-cell array coupled to the address decoder, control circuit, and read/write circuit; and a first converter coupled to the address, data, and control busses, the first converter operable to data signals on the data bus and convert the data signals into corresponding data output electromagnetic waves, and operable to receive address, data, and control electromagnetic waves and convert these electromagnetic waves into corresponding electric address, data, and control signals that are applied on the address, data, and control busses, respectively; and a chip package physically coupled to the chip and including a plurality of conductors, the chip package including a second converter that is operable to receive the data output electromagnetic waves from the first converter and convert these received electromagnetic waves into corresponding electric data output signals that are applied to corresponding conductors, and the second converter operable to receive electric address, data, and control signals on corresponding conductors and to convert these electric signals into corresponding address, data, and control electromagnetic waves that are communicated to the first converter.
 46. The memory device of claim 45 wherein the electromagnetic waves comprise optical electromagnetic signals.
 47. The memory device of claim 45 wherein the electromagnetic waves comprise infrared electromagnetic waves.
 48. The memory device of claim 45 wherein the first and second converters comprise laser diodes.
 49. The memory device of claim 45 wherein the memory device comprises a dynamic random access memory.
 50. A computer system, comprising: a data input device; a data output device; a processor coupled to the data input and output devices; and a memory device including a chip package having a plurality of conductors coupled to the processor, the memory device including, a chip including memory circuitry, the memory circuitry including, an address decoder coupled to an address bus; a read/write circuit coupled to a data bus; a control circuit coupled to a control bus; a memory-cell array coupled to the address decoder, control circuit, and read/write circuit, the memory-cell array; and a first converter coupled to the address, data, and control busses, the first converter operable to data signals on the data bus and convert the data signals into corresponding data output electromagnetic waves, and operable to receive address, data, and control electromagnetic waves and convert these electromagnetic waves into corresponding electric address, data, and control signals that are applied on the address, data, and control busses, respectively; and a chip package physically coupled to the chip, the chip package including a second converter that is operable to receive the data output electromagnetic waves from the first converter and convert these received electromagnetic waves into corresponding electric data output signals that are applied to corresponding conductors, and the second converter operable to receive electric address, data, and control signals on corresponding conductors and to convert these electric signals into corresponding address, data, and control electromagnetic waves that are communicated to the first converter.
 51. The computer system of claim 50 wherein the electromagnetic waves comprise optical electromagnetic signals.
 52. The computer system of claim 50 wherein the electromagnetic waves comprise infrared electromagnetic waves.
 53. The computer system of claim 50 wherein the first and second converters comprise laser diodes.
 54. The computer system of claim 50 wherein the memory device comprises a dynamic random access memory. 